DEFECTS OF BILLETS/INGOTS

There are various defects in Billets/Ingots and some of them are
1.Surface defects.

A)  In Billets
a)  Slag/refractories Patches.
b)  Longitudinal  Cracks.
c)  Transverse  Cracks.
d)  Longitudinal Corner Cracks.
e)  Transverse Corner Cracks.
f)   Globules.
g)  Joint Marks.
h)  Bursting/Bleeding.
i)  Ripple Marks.
j)  Lapping/Cold Shuts
k) Depression Marks.
l)  Twisting.

B)  In Ingots
a)  Slag/refractories Patches.
b)  Pannel Cracks
c)  Globules.
d)  Double Joint Marks.
e)  Ineffective Hot Top.
f)  Piping/ Cup formation.
g)  Short Ingots.
h)  Lapping.
i)   Surface voids.
j)   Blow holes/Pin Holes.
k)  Center out.